Hammersmith neonatal neurological examination pdf
Neurological examination was done using Hammersmith neonatal examination tool at discharge/at three months of age. Encephalitic presentation of Neonatal Chikungunya: A Case Series ARTI MARIA 1, N AGARATANA VALLAMKONDA, A MLIN SHUKLA1, A DITYA BHATT1 AND NAMRITA SACHDEV2 From Departments of 1Neonatology and 2Radiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and …
The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) asymmetry score improves detection of hemiplegic cerebral palsy in a neonatal intensive care
The Neurological Assessment Of The Preterm Full Term Newborn Infant Full Online pdf download the neurological assessment of the preterm full term newborn infant
Read “Implementation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in a High-Risk Infant Follow-Up Program, Pediatric Neurology” on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination consists of 3 sections (neurologic examination, developmental milestones, and behavior); in particular, the neurologic examination includes the assessment of cranial nerve function, posture, movements, tone, and reflexes/reaction.
terrater reliability of the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE) and the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS), when used both preterm and at term ( > 36 weeks).
Previous experience in the use of standardised assessments for infants and young children, for example Prechtl’s General Movements assessment, Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale.
HNNE – Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination 2nd edition Dubowitz, Dubowitz & Mercuri, 1999 Healthy & at risk P, T infants Self-training via published guide with a pro forma inclusive of diagrams. NNNS – NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale Lester & Tronick 2004 T, P & at risk infants, esp. substance exposed Certified training through the NNNS Assessment Training Program (Brown
Romeo D, Cioni M, Scoto M, Mazzone L, Palermo F, Romeo M (2008) Neuromotor development in infants with cerebral palsy investigated by the Hammersmith infant neurological examination during the first year of age.
3.Neonatal neurological examination: Hammersmith tool. 4.DDST (Denver Development Screening Test. 5.Neurosonography. 6.Growth monitoring in neonatal period and beyond
Further sig- nificant insight into the impact of cerebral injury on the neonatal neurologic examination is expected to be gained from such correlations.1542/peds. there is no standardized neurologic assessment but a mixture of a few items selected in 2 different neurologic examinations. Volpe). MD. epilepsy. These 2 studies1. neurobehavioral assessments including the NICU Network
On reaching term-equivalent age (42 weeks GA), the infants underwent the Hammersmith neonatal neurological examination (HNE) at the RBWH performed by a single neonatologist. The HNE evaluates a number of motor and behavioral functions including posture and tone, tone patterns, reflexes, abnormal signs and orientation, and behavior [ 17 ].
Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination The HNNE is primarily a neurological examination developed for term and preterm infants. It consists of 34 individual items with six subtotals including tone, tone patterns, reflexes, spontaneous movements, abnormal neurological signs and behaviour, which are added for a total score. Suboptimal performance on the HNNE was categorised …
Neonatal neurological examination of late preterm babies
https://www.youtube.com/embed/_XTY8YYhkGU

Background Results Results (cont.) AACPDM
Fromthe Department ofPaediatrics andNeonatalMedicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London SUMMARY The incidence of mental defect, visual and hearing disability, major neurological handicap, and such minor neurological handicap as can be detected on examination at 2-9 years
Methods Neurobehaviour was assessed at term-equivalent age in 149 PT<30, 200 MLPT and 200 term-born infants using the Neonatal Intensive Care UnitNetwork Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS), the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE) and Prechtl’s Qualitative Assessment of General Movements (GMA).
A combination of neurological (Hammersmith Neonatal Neurologic Examination), neuromotor (General Movements, Test of Infant Motor Performance), neurobehavioural (NICU Network Neurobehavioural Scale, Premie-Neuro) and visual assessments will be performed at 30 and
DOWNLOAD THE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FULL TERM NEWBORN INFANT A MANUAL FOR CLINICAL USE FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROLOGY the neurological examination of pdf Lower Limb Neurological Examination Prepare patient • Introduction • Position lying in bed with lower limbs exposed. Cover groin. General Inspection Lower Limb Neurological Examination …
A user friendly implementation for efficiently conducting Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination @article{Dogra2010AUF, title={A user friendly implementation for efficiently conducting Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination}, author={Debi Prosad Dogra and Karthik Nandam and Arun K. Majumdar and Shamik Sural and Jayanta Mukhopadhyay

neonatal resuscitation program answers Fri, 14 Dec 2018 18:15:00 GMT neonatal resuscitation program answers pdf – PHYSICIAN & HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS PHYSICAL
NEONATAL CRANIAL ULTRASOUND W12 Conferences, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 The Symposium Office, Imperial College London, IRDB, Hammersmith Hospital, Du …
Performance, General Movement Assessment, Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination). •Recognize the strengths and limitations of above standardized tests
Use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature. – PubMed – NCBI. Use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature. – PubMed – NCBI
AIM To evaluate cranial ultrasonography and neurological examination in a cohort of infants regarded as normal; and to determine the prevalence of ultrasound abnormalities and any potential association with antenatal or perinatal factors or deviant neurological signs.
of the term cranial ultrasonography findings to the Hammer-smith Infant Neurological Examination score and its progress, at both 6 and 12 months of age.
“ Physical therapists, occupational therapists, physicians, pediatric nurses, and other health care providers who have had appropriate training can administer the HINT.”

Romeo DM, Ricci D, Brogna C, Mecuri E. Use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature.
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple, quantifiable, neurologic examination for infants between 2 and 24 months of age. The assessment consists of 37 items, divided into 3
• EPAM method finds its interest in the clinical examination to apprehend neuromotor damage of infants with a neurological established risk. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network (NNNS)
we designed an approach to training and implementation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination with precourse materials, a workshop model, and adaptation of the electronic medical record. Implementation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological An electronic health record (EHR), or electronic medical record (EMR), is the systematized collection of patient and population …
This thesis is for examination purposes only and may not
THE DUBOWITZ NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FULL-TERM NEWBORN Lilly Dubowitz,1 Daniela Ricci,2 and Eugenio Mercuri1,2* 1 2 Department of Paediatrics, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London UK, Child Neurology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Catholic University, Rome, Italy In an ideal world, each neonate should have a comprehensive neurological examination …
neonatal resuscitation program answers pdf COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS: HEAD TO TOE (Basic & Advanced) (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound) Pregnancy, Labor, Delivery, Neonatal, Newborn Exam, etc.
METHODS: This retrospective study of a neonatal intensive care follow-up program with consistent clinical use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination matched infants with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy to infants without motor delays or evidence of neurodevelopmental impairments. Groups had same corrected Cerebral Palsy Research News . 3 and gestational ages at Hammersmith Infant
neurological examination were evaluated before and after Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination training. Standardized training and implementation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in a
Read “Analysis of adductors angle measurement in Hammersmith infant neurological examinations using mean shift segmentation and feature point based object tracking, Computers in Biology and Medicine” on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
High-risk infant follow-up programs provide early identification and referral for treatment of neurodevelopmental delays and impairments. In these programs, a standardized neurological examination is a critical component of evaluation for clinical and research purposes.
Use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in
In full-term infants with neonatal encephalopathy the examination performed after the second week of life is already a reliable predictor of neurological outcome [Mercuri et al. perinatal events are frequently associated with neonatal encephalopathy. which can often be identified in the first weeks of life. the Moro response is exaggerated. 1985. While the infants with periventricular
A structured neurological examination was performed using a modified form of Touwen’s Examination of the Child with Minor Neurological Dysfunction. 27 28 This was used to identify
This is a prospective neonatal study, using the SDS 8 to assess and describe the first neurological examination of the selected PNBs. The SDS assesses neurological patterns by [1] evaluating states of awareness classified as sleepiness, provoked wakefulness, spontaneous wakefulness, alternating wakefulness and sleep, and sedation; [2] assessing bed posture; [3] evaluating motor and neonatal
The neonatal exploratory outcomes include admission to neonatal care, neurological evaluation with Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination57 and modified Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scales58 and measurement of glucose and concentrations of sertraline in plasma.
Includes the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination. This is the second edition of the manual for this popular and practical tool for the clinical neurological examination of the newborn. It provides a copiously illustrated, step-by-step guide to performing the examination, and greatly extends its uses and potential applications.
Children who present with or who are found to have neurologic or neuromuscular abnormalities on a general physical examination should undergo a complete neurologic assessment . The elements of a complete neurologic assessment are:
The full version of the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurologic Assessment and the screening proforma were used to assess all the infants. The raw scores obtained were compared to those of full-term infants using the same examination.
Minor neurological signs and perceptual-motor difficulties

Encephalitic presentation of Neonatal Chikungunya A Case
Haataja L, Mercuri E, Regev R, Cowan F, Rutherford M, Dubowitz V, Dubowitz L. Optimality score for the neurologic examination of the infant at 12 and 18 months of age.
Neurological Examination (HINE) [2] [4] [11] is a part of their recommendation that uses the principles of standard neurological examination after the neonatal period.
In a meta-analysis of infants with NEC overall, 45%of children who had neonatal NEC were neuro- developmentally impaired.Infants with NEC were significantly more likely neurodevelopmentally impaired than infantsof similar age and gestation who did not develop NEC, including a higher riskof
assessment of a sick neonate and aEEG. For example, trainees may not be familiar with standardised examinations, like the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination.1,2
– Co-management model with a Neonatal Neurology Service in-unit •150 consults/year – 75% transferred for specialized care – 2/3 term, 1/3 preterm – 50% have primary neurologic diagnosis The first Neuro ICN Wusthoff 2017 • Hammersmith Hospital & Imperial College NHS • Referral Center for West London • Neurologist within a NICU • Consulted on 1-3 babies per week •urrently over 12
Standardized training and implementation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in a large high-risk infant follow-up is feasible and effective and allows for quantitative evaluation
Hammersmith neonatal neurological examination [4], the Amiel-Tison examination [5] and the Brazelton examination [6]. Visual assessment has led to reports of the emergence and maturation of some aspects of newborn visual function including ocular motility, Advances in
Table expanded and modified from Romeo DM, Ricci D, Brogna C, Mercuri E. Use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2015 Aug 1.
Abstract. AIM To examine the spectrum of neurological dysfunction and perceptual-motor difficulties at school age in a cohort of prematurely born children, and the relation of these measures to neonatal brain lesions, intelligence quotient, and behavioural adjustment.
The Neurological Examination Of The Full Term Newborn

Optimality score for the neurologic examination of the
Financial disclosures Dr. Darras is the author of articles regarding neuromuscular diseases for UpToDate, Inc. UpToDate does not produce health-care related
the GMs assessment and the Hammersmith Infant Neurologic Examination (HINE). Outcome was assessed at 2 years by the Touwen neurologic examination and the Clinical Adaptive Test/Clinical, Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale.
Neonatal Society Summer Meeting 29-30th June 2017 Hilton Metropole Hotel, Brighton. Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE) 11.45 Oliveira V, Imperial College London Therapeutic Hypothermia in Mild Neonatal Encephalopathy: a National Survey 12.00 Hazeldine B, St Michael’s Hospital Bristol/University of Bristol Survey of Nutritional Practices During Therapeutic …
(See “Assessment of the newborn infant”, section on ‘Neurologic examination’.) There are several publications that describe the newborn neurologic examination [ 1-15 ]. The discussion on the neonatal neurologic assessment presented here is based upon a review of the literature and the experience of the author.
4.2.4 Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination 99 4.3 Results 101 4.3.1 Demographic data 101 4.3.2 CRIB 103 4.3.3 Cranial Ultrasound Scans 104 4.3.4 Results – Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination near term corrected gestation 112 4.4 Discussion 115 4.4.1 CRIB 115
PREMM preterm early massage by the mother protocol of a
Movements Assessment (GMA), Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE) and Premie-Neuro (PN). The relationship between regional volumetric (n=8) or diffusion measures (n=18) and
Neuromotor development in infants with cerebral palsy investigated by the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination during the first year of age . 8 Pages. Neuromotor development in infants with cerebral palsy investigated by the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination during the first year of age. Authors. Filippo Palermo + 2. Filippo Palermo. Mario Romeo. matteo cioni. …
The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) has been proposed as one of the early neurological examination tools for the diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of the present study was to critically review the existing literature and our experience with the use of the HINE in infants at risk of CP. The published papers confirm that the HINE can play an important role in the
11 more pages are available in the full version of this document, which may be purchased using the “Add to Cart” button on the publisher’s webpage:
Abstract Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) is a popular method to estimate the neurological development of infants aged less than two years.

neonatal period include the Prechtl’s General Movements Assessment (GMA), Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE), Amiel-Tison Neurological Assess-
Method: A total of 257 infants (91 very preterm, 166 moderate-late preterm; 120 males, 137 females) had structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurological and behavioural assessments (Prechtl’s general movements assessment, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale [NNNS] and Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination [HNNE]). Two hundred and sixty-three …
SPECIAL COMMUNICATION Neonatal Physical Therapy. Part I: Clinical Competencies and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Clinical Training Models Jane K. Sweeney, PT, PhD, PCS

Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: HINE Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination ICC Intraclass correlation coefficient SINDA Standardized Infant NeuroDevelopmental Assessment AIM To assess reliability and predictive validity of the neurological scale of the Standardized Infant NeuroDevelopmental Assessment (SINDA), a recently developed …
We will also indicate how the examination can be used to identify infants with neurological abnormalities, describing clinical signs which can help to differentiate infants with peripheral neuromuscular disorders from those with central nervous system involvement. The correlation between clinical and imaging findings in infants with neonatal brain lesions will also be reported. Finally we will
A simplified version of the examination which provides a quantitative neurological assessment is used to design the application. The application includes a methodology of conducting IDNE examination suited to inexperienced staff, applicable to both neonatal and post-neonatal infants. It also provides a facility to go through the previous records of a patient that can help in diagnosing
https://www.youtube.com/embed/JklmSyTg5_0
Incidence of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in
PPREMO a prospective cohort study of preterm infant brain
Implementation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological

NEONATAL CRANIAL ULTRASOUND W12 Conferences Hammersmith
Reliability of Neurobehavioral Assessments from Birth to
This thesis is for examination purposes only and may not
Incidence of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in
This is a prospective neonatal study, using the SDS 8 to assess and describe the first neurological examination of the selected PNBs. The SDS assesses neurological patterns by [1] evaluating states of awareness classified as sleepiness, provoked wakefulness, spontaneous wakefulness, alternating wakefulness and sleep, and sedation; [2] assessing bed posture; [3] evaluating motor and neonatal
neurological examination were evaluated before and after Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination training. Standardized training and implementation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in a
THE DUBOWITZ NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FULL-TERM NEWBORN Lilly Dubowitz,1 Daniela Ricci,2 and Eugenio Mercuri1,2* 1 2 Department of Paediatrics, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London UK, Child Neurology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Catholic University, Rome, Italy In an ideal world, each neonate should have a comprehensive neurological examination …
Read “Analysis of adductors angle measurement in Hammersmith infant neurological examinations using mean shift segmentation and feature point based object tracking, Computers in Biology and Medicine” on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
Haataja L, Mercuri E, Regev R, Cowan F, Rutherford M, Dubowitz V, Dubowitz L. Optimality score for the neurologic examination of the infant at 12 and 18 months of age.
Neurological examination was done using Hammersmith neonatal examination tool at discharge/at three months of age. Encephalitic presentation of Neonatal Chikungunya: A Case Series ARTI MARIA 1, N AGARATANA VALLAMKONDA, A MLIN SHUKLA1, A DITYA BHATT1 AND NAMRITA SACHDEV2 From Departments of 1Neonatology and 2Radiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and …
The neonatal exploratory outcomes include admission to neonatal care, neurological evaluation with Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination57 and modified Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scales58 and measurement of glucose and concentrations of sertraline in plasma.
High-risk infant follow-up programs provide early identification and referral for treatment of neurodevelopmental delays and impairments. In these programs, a standardized neurological examination is a critical component of evaluation for clinical and research purposes.
neonatal resuscitation program answers pdf COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS: HEAD TO TOE (Basic & Advanced) (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound) Pregnancy, Labor, Delivery, Neonatal, Newborn Exam, etc.
NEONATAL CRANIAL ULTRASOUND W12 Conferences, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 The Symposium Office, Imperial College London, IRDB, Hammersmith Hospital, Du …
Abstract. AIM To examine the spectrum of neurological dysfunction and perceptual-motor difficulties at school age in a cohort of prematurely born children, and the relation of these measures to neonatal brain lesions, intelligence quotient, and behavioural adjustment.
Read “Implementation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in a High-Risk Infant Follow-Up Program, Pediatric Neurology” on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
A User Friendly Implementation for Efficiently Conducting
This thesis is for examination purposes only and may not
A structured neurological examination was performed using a modified form of Touwen’s Examination of the Child with Minor Neurological Dysfunction. 27 28 This was used to identify
We will also indicate how the examination can be used to identify infants with neurological abnormalities, describing clinical signs which can help to differentiate infants with peripheral neuromuscular disorders from those with central nervous system involvement. The correlation between clinical and imaging findings in infants with neonatal brain lesions will also be reported. Finally we will
The full version of the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurologic Assessment and the screening proforma were used to assess all the infants. The raw scores obtained were compared to those of full-term infants using the same examination.
we designed an approach to training and implementation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination with precourse materials, a workshop model, and adaptation of the electronic medical record. Implementation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological An electronic health record (EHR), or electronic medical record (EMR), is the systematized collection of patient and population …
Performance, General Movement Assessment, Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination). •Recognize the strengths and limitations of above standardized tests
A combination of neurological (Hammersmith Neonatal Neurologic Examination), neuromotor (General Movements, Test of Infant Motor Performance), neurobehavioural (NICU Network Neurobehavioural Scale, Premie-Neuro) and visual assessments will be performed at 30 and
A user friendly implementation for efficiently conducting Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination @article{Dogra2010AUF, title={A user friendly implementation for efficiently conducting Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination}, author={Debi Prosad Dogra and Karthik Nandam and Arun K. Majumdar and Shamik Sural and Jayanta Mukhopadhyay
A simplified version of the examination which provides a quantitative neurological assessment is used to design the application. The application includes a methodology of conducting IDNE examination suited to inexperienced staff, applicable to both neonatal and post-neonatal infants. It also provides a facility to go through the previous records of a patient that can help in diagnosing
The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) asymmetry score improves detection of hemiplegic cerebral palsy in a neonatal intensive care
AIM To evaluate cranial ultrasonography and neurological examination in a cohort of infants regarded as normal; and to determine the prevalence of ultrasound abnormalities and any potential association with antenatal or perinatal factors or deviant neurological signs.
Method: A total of 257 infants (91 very preterm, 166 moderate-late preterm; 120 males, 137 females) had structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurological and behavioural assessments (Prechtl’s general movements assessment, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale [NNNS] and Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination [HNNE]). Two hundred and sixty-three …
NEONATAL CRANIAL ULTRASOUND W12 Conferences, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 The Symposium Office, Imperial College London, IRDB, Hammersmith Hospital, Du …
HNNE – Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination 2nd edition Dubowitz, Dubowitz & Mercuri, 1999 Healthy & at risk P, T infants Self-training via published guide with a pro forma inclusive of diagrams. NNNS – NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale Lester & Tronick 2004 T, P & at risk infants, esp. substance exposed Certified training through the NNNS Assessment Training Program (Brown
Methods Neurobehaviour was assessed at term-equivalent age in 149 PT 36 weeks).
The neurological examination of non-complicated preterm
RROIRU$XWRPDWLF DPPHUVPLWKQIDQW
Neurological examination was done using Hammersmith neonatal examination tool at discharge/at three months of age. Encephalitic presentation of Neonatal Chikungunya: A Case Series ARTI MARIA 1, N AGARATANA VALLAMKONDA, A MLIN SHUKLA1, A DITYA BHATT1 AND NAMRITA SACHDEV2 From Departments of 1Neonatology and 2Radiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and …
Use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature. – PubMed – NCBI. Use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature. – PubMed – NCBI
Hammersmith neonatal neurological examination [4], the Amiel-Tison examination [5] and the Brazelton examination [6]. Visual assessment has led to reports of the emergence and maturation of some aspects of newborn visual function including ocular motility, Advances in
In full-term infants with neonatal encephalopathy the examination performed after the second week of life is already a reliable predictor of neurological outcome [Mercuri et al. perinatal events are frequently associated with neonatal encephalopathy. which can often be identified in the first weeks of life. the Moro response is exaggerated. 1985. While the infants with periventricular
The Neurological Assessment Of The Preterm Full Term Newborn Infant Full Online pdf download the neurological assessment of the preterm full term newborn infant
SPECIAL COMMUNICATION Neonatal Physical Therapy. Part I: Clinical Competencies and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Clinical Training Models Jane K. Sweeney, PT, PhD, PCS